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Turpentine (also called spirit of turpentine, oil of turpentine, wood turpentine and colloquially turps) is a fluid obtained by the distillation of resin obtained from live trees, mainly pines. It is mainly used as a solvent and as a source of materials for organic synthesis. Turpentine is composed of terpenes, mainly the monoterpenes alpha-pinene and beta-pinene with lesser amounts of carene, camphene, dipentene, and terpinolene.〔Kent p.569〕 The word ''turpentine'' derives (via French and Latin) from the Greek word τερεβινθίνη ''terebinthine'', the name of a species of tree, the terebinth tree. Mineral turpentine or other petroleum distillates are used to replace turpentine, but they are very different chemically.〔Dieter Stoye "Solvents" in ''Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry'', 2002, Wiley-VCH, Wienheim. 〕 ==Source trees== One of the earliest sources was the terebinth or turpentine tree (''Pistacia terebinthus''), a Mediterranean tree related to the pistachio. Important pines for turpentine production include: maritime pine (''Pinus pinaster''), Aleppo pine (''Pinus halepensis''), Masson's pine (''Pinus massoniana''), Sumatran pine (''Pinus merkusii''), longleaf pine (''Pinus palustris''), loblolly pine (''Pinus taeda'') and ponderosa pine (''Pinus ponderosa''). Canada balsam, also called Canada turpentine or balsam of fir, is a turpentine which is made from the oleoresin of the balsam fir. Venice turpentine is produced from the western larch ''Larix occidentalis''. In order to tap into the sap producing layers of the tree, turpentiners used a combination of hacks to remove the pine bark. Once debarked, pine trees secrete oleoresin onto the surface of the wound as a protective measure to seal the opening, resist exposure to micro-organisms and insects and prevent vital sap loss. Turpentiners wounded trees in V-shaped streaks down the length of the trunks so as to channel the oleoresin into containers. It was then collected and processed into spirits of turpentine. Oleoresin yield may be increased by as much as 40% by applying paraquat herbicides to the exposed wood.〔Kent p.571〕 The V-shaped cuts are called "catfaces" for their resemblance to a cat’s whiskers. These marks on a pine tree signify it was used to collect resin for turpentine production. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Turpentine」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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